In Europe, vehicle types are defined under UN ECE standards and implemented through key EU legislation. These frameworks set out how different vehicle classes are categorised for approval and market surveillance.
- Regulation (EU) No 168/2013 on the approval and market surveillance of two- or three-wheel vehicles and quadricycles.
- Directive 2007/46/EC establishing a framework for the approval of motor vehicles and their trailers, along with systems, components and separate technical units.
The categories most relevant to light commercial vehicles (LCVs) and heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) are shown below.
| N | Power-driven vehicles with at least four wheels, designed and constructed for the carriage of goods. |
|---|---|
| N1 | Goods vehicles with a maximum mass not exceeding 3.5 tonnes. |
| N2 | Goods vehicles with a maximum mass exceeding 3.5 tonnes but not exceeding 12 tonnes. |
| N3 | Goods vehicles with a maximum mass exceeding 12 tonnes. |
| O | Trailers. |
| O3 | Trailers with a maximum mass exceeding 3.5 tonnes but not exceeding 10 tonnes. |
| O4 | Trailers with a maximum mass exceeding 10 tonnes. |
FAQ
What does the N category mean for vehicles?
The N category covers motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for carrying goods. It is divided into N1, N2 and N3 based on maximum mass.
What is the difference between N2 and N3 vehicles?
N2 vehicles exceed 3.5 tonnes but do not exceed 12 tonnes. N3 vehicles exceed 12 tonnes and typically include heavy goods vehicles used for long-distance or high-capacity operations.
How are trailer classes O3 and O4 defined?
O3 trailers exceed 3.5 tonnes but do not exceed 10 tonnes. O4 trailers exceed 10 tonnes and include most commercial semi-trailers used in logistics operations.
Why are these classifications important?
These categories determine type-approval requirements, regulatory obligations and the applicable technical standards for both manufacturers and operators.
